Advanced Synthesis of Alizarin Pigment from Phthalic Anhydride: Structural Characteristics, Thermal Stability, and Prospective Applications in High-Performance Organic Coatings
Authors
Mukhlisa Robiddinova, Muzafar Yusupov, Sherkuziev Doniyor
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The present investigation describes a refined strategy for synthesizing an alizarin-derived organic pigment using phthalic anhydride and aromatic polyhydroxy precursors as the main starting materials. The preparation process involved a carefully regulated electrophilic acylation stage followed by acid-assisted cyclization leading to the formation of an anthraquinone chromophore system. Particular attention was devoted to optimizing the synthesis conditions, including reaction temperature, processing time, and catalytic medium concentration, in order to improve pigment formation efficiency and structural organization. Structural and thermal properties of the obtained pigment were evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) techniques. XRD analysis revealed the presence of partially ordered crystalline domains associated with aromatic layer packing and intermolecular π-electron interactions within the anthraquinone framework. Thermal investigations demonstrated that the synthesized material maintains structural stability over a broad temperature interval, while the principal degradation stage occurs only at elevated temperatures exceeding 400 °C, confirming the strong thermal endurance of the pigment system. In addition, the synthesized pigment exhibited favorable technological properties such as high hiding power, resistance to thermal deformation, and stability against photochemical degradation. These characteristics indicate its suitability for utilization in durable coating formulations, polymeric composite materials, and advanced industrial coloration technologies requiring long-term operational stability. The proposed synthetic methodology offers an efficient pathway for producing thermally robust and chemically stable anthraquinone-based pigments with enhanced functional performance and potential applicability in modern materials engineering.
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Authors
Mukhlisa Robiddinova, Muzafar Yusupov, Sherkuziev Doniyor
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