Academic publishing in Europe and N. America

Archive Publication ethics Submission Payment Contacts
In the original languageTranslation into English

The Failure of the Equal Rights Amendment

Authors

Yixi Zhang

Rubric:History and archaeology
290
0
Download articleQuote
290
0

Annotation

Proposed in the Congress in 1923, The Equal Rights Amendment seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Until 1982, it was still 3 states short of the vote, signaling the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment. So why the Equal rights Amendment (ERA) failed to pass? By examining the existing laws protecting women's rights in the 20th century, speeches and activities of anti-feminists, this paper concludes that ERA failed to pass because many existing legislation already guaranteed women’s right, so many women believed that the ERA was unnecessary and because many conservative women protest against the ERA, changing the political climate in enough states.

Keywords

The Equal Rights Amendment
feminism
Phyllis Schalfly
Shirley Chisholm
Alice Paul

References:

Blair, Elizabeth. “50 years ago the Equal Rights Amendment was approved by the Senate.” NPR, 22 March 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/03/22/1086978928/50-years-ago-sex-equality-seemed-destined-for-the-constitution-what-happened.  

Cohen, Alex. “The Equal Rights Amendment Explained.” Brennan Center for Justice, 23 January 2020, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/equal-rights-amendment-explained

Colohan, Kathryn Elizabeth. “The Equal Rights Amendment.” Equal Rights Amendment, https://www.equalrightsamendment.org/the-equal-rights-amendment

“Equal Pay for Equal Work.” United States Department of Labor,

https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/centers-offices/civil-rights-center/internal/policies/e

qual-pay-for-equal-work#:~:text=The%20Equal%20Pay%20Act%20of,wage%20discrimi

nation%20based%20on%20sex.&text=The%20Equal%20Pay%20Act%20(EPA)%20prot

ects%20individuals%20of%20all%20sexes

“History.” U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/about/history.   

Issa, Erin El, et al. “Women and Credit Through the Decades: The 1970s.” NerdWallet, 22 July 2020, https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/credit-cards/women-credit-decades-70s.  

“Legal Highlight: The Civil Rights Act of 1964.” U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-1964

Mar, Ria Tabacco. “Requiring Men but Not Women to Register for the Draft Is Sex Discrimination: News & Commentary.” American Civil Liberties Union, 18 Nov. 2022, https://www.aclu.org/news/womens-rights/requiring-men-but-not-women-to-register-for-the-draft-is-sex-discrimination.

Muaddi Nadeem. “10 Quotes That Define Phyllis Schlafly's Life as an Anti-Feminist | CNN Politics.” CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Sept. 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/06/politics/phyllis-schlafly-quotes/index.html. 

PRB. “Record Number of Women in the U.S. Labor Force.” Population Reference Bureau, https://www.prb.org/resources/record-number-of-women-in-the-u-s-labor-force/.  

Rabinovitch-Fox, Einav. “The Fight over ERA.” Scalar, 12 May 2020, https://scalar.case.edu/19th-at-100/the-fight-over-era.  

 Schlafly, Phyllis. “Phyllis Schlafly - ERA means abortion funding, means...” BrainyQuote, https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/phyllis_schlafly_384674.  

Schlafly, Phyllis. “What's Wrong with 'Equal Rights' for Women? – 1972 | Archives of Women's Political Communication.” Archives of Women's Political Communication, 2 February 2016, https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2016/02/02/whats-wrong-with-equal-rights-for-women-1972/

“S.142 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Hyde Amendment Codification Act.” Congress Gov, Robert Patrick Casey Jr., https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/142.

“The Equal Rights Amendment.” CQ Researcher by CQ Press

            https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2020040300.

“The 14th Amendment and the Evolution of Title IX.” United States Courts,             https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/14th-amendment-and-evolution-title-ix#:~:text=The%2014th%20Amendment%20provides%2C%20in,IX%20specifically%20prohibits%20sex%20discrimination.  

ushistory.org. “The Equal Rights Amendment [ushistory.org].” USHistory.org, https://www.ushistory.org/us/57c.asp. Accessed 13 December 2022.

“Women in the Workplace (Issue).” Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/women-workplace-issue.  

Yellen, Janet L. “The history of women's work and wages and how it has created success for us all.” Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-history-of-womens-work-and-wages-and-how-it-has-created-success-for-us-all/.   

“19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right To Vote (1920).” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/19th-amendment#:~:text=Passed%20by%20Congress%20June%204,decades%20of%20agitation%20and%20protest.

 

Other articles of the issue

Lingzhu Shao Bridging the Past and Present: Public Art by Michael Rakowitz and Zhao Zhao
Download article in PDF318 views
cc-license
About us Journals Books
Publication ethics Terms of use of services Privacy policy
Copyright 2013-2024 Premier Publishing s.r.o.
Praha 8 - Karlín, Lyčkovo nám. 508/7, PSČ 18600, Czech Republic pub@ppublishing.org